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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

Streptococcus induces circulating CLA(+) memory T-cell-dependent epidermal cell activation in psoriasis.

Marta Ferran1, Ana B Galván, Catalina Rincón

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
|November 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Streptococcal throat infections directly trigger psoriasis by activating specific T cells and skin cells, leading to inflammation. This research highlights the role of bacterial infections in psoriasis pathogenesis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
10:31

Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture

Published on: April 8, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Psoriasis is linked to streptococcal throat infections and HLA-Cw6 expression.
  • The precise immunological mechanisms connecting streptococcal infections to psoriasis remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the direct role of streptococcal throat infection components in activating psoriatic immune cells and epidermal cells.
  • To elucidate the cytokine profiles and mediators involved in this interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culture of psoriatic cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen (CLA)(+) memory T cells with epidermal cells in the presence of streptococcal extracts (SEs).
  • Analysis of cytokine production (Th1, Th17, Th22) and epidermal cell mediators (CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11).
  • Intradermal injection of activated supernatants into mouse skin to assess in vivo effects; correlation analysis with patient serum markers.

Main Results:

  • SEs specifically activated CLA(+) memory T cells co-cultured with psoriatic epidermal cells, inducing Th1, Th17, and Th22 cytokine production.
  • SEs did not activate cells from healthy subjects or CLA(-) cells.
  • Activated supernatants induced epidermal hyperplasia in mouse skin; SEs also activated cells from nonlesional psoriatic skin.

Conclusions:

  • Streptococcal infection directly contributes to psoriasis pathogenesis by activating specific T cells and epidermal cells.
  • The study demonstrates SEs' role in driving IL-17 production and epidermal activation, key features of psoriasis.