Tissue scaffold surface patterning for clinical applications

Patterned scaffold surfaces provide a platform for highly defined cellular interactions, and have recently taken precedence in tissue engineering. Despite advances in patterning techniques and improved tissue growth, no clinical studies have been conducted for implantation of patterned biomaterials. Four major clinical application fields where patterned materials hold great promise are antimicrobial surfaces, cardiac constructs, neurite outgrowth, and stem cell differentiation. Specific examples include applications of patterned materials to (i) counter infection by antibiotic resistant bacteria, (ii) establish proper alignment and contractile force of regrown cardiac cells for repairing tissue damaged by cardiac infarction, (iii) increase neurite outgrowth for central nervous system wound repair, and (iv) host differentiated stem cells while preventing reversion to a pluripotent state. Moreover, patterned materials offer unique advantages for artificial implants which other constructs cannot. For example, by inducing selective cell adhesion using topographical cues, patterned surfaces present cellular orientation signals that lead to functional tissue architectures. Mechanical stimuli such as modulus, tension, and material roughness are known to influence tissue growth, as are chemical stimuli for cell adhesion. Scaffold surface patterns allow for control of these mechanical and chemical factors. This review identifies research advances in scaffold surface patterning, in light of pressing clinical needs requiring organization of cellular interactions.