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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

Published on: July 1, 2018

[Recent trend in subacute meningitides].

Satoshi Kamei¹

¹Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine.

Rinsho Shinkeigaku = Clinical Neurology

|December 1, 2012

Summary

Subacute meningitis, particularly tuberculous (TbM) and fungal types, requires urgent neurological management. Adhering to updated guidelines with specific drug regimens and corticosteroids improves patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases

Context:

Subacute meningitis, primarily tuberculous meningitis (TbM) and fungal meningitis, presents a significant clinical challenge.
Delayed treatment in these conditions is strongly linked to adverse patient outcomes, necessitating prompt intervention.

Purpose:

To review recent clinical management strategies for subacute meningitis.
To highlight updated therapeutic recommendations based on current clinical guidelines.

Summary:

TbM management involves a 4-drug regimen for 2 months, followed by 2 drugs for at least 10 months, with adjunctive corticosteroids for non-HIV patients.
Treatment for CNS Cryptococcosis and Candidiasis in non-HIV, non-transplant hosts includes induction therapy with lipid Amphotericin B and flucytosine, followed by fluconazole consolidation.
Voriconazole is the recommended primary treatment for CNS Aspergillosis, including meningitis.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Intracranial Subarachnoidal Route of Infection for Investigating Roles of Streptococcus suis Biofilms in Meningitis in a Mouse Infection Model

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Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

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Sub-acute Cerebral Microhemorrhages Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Injection in Rats

Sub-acute Cerebral Microhemorrhages Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Injection in Rats

Published on: October 17, 2018

Impact:

Early diagnosis and adherence to established guidelines can lead to successful management of these serious meningitides.
Implementation of these updated therapeutic approaches aims to improve clinical outcomes for patients with subacute meningitis.