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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
Endometriosis, a condition characterized by abnormal growth of endometrial...
Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
In Vitro Fertilization01:24

In Vitro Fertilization

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
The IVF process begins with ovarian stimulation, during which reproductive endocrinologists prescribe hormonal medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the single...
Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...
Fertilization01:38

Fertilization

During fertilization, an egg and sperm cell fuse to create a new diploid structure. In humans, the process occurs once the egg has been released from the ovary, and travels into the fallopian tubes. The process requires several key steps: 1) sperm present in the genital tract must locate the egg; 2) once there, sperm need to release enzymes to help them burrow through the protective zona pellucida of the egg; and 3) the membranes of a single sperm cell and egg must fuse, with the sperm...
Overview of the Reproductive System01:31

Overview of the Reproductive System

The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
The gonads, or primary reproductive organs, produce gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary male sex characteristics, including a deeper voice, larger muscles, facial and body...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
08:46

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Concise review: fertility preservation: an update.

Clara González1, Montserrat Boada, Marta Devesa

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Institut Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain.

Stem Cells Translational Medicine
|December 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Fertility preservation offers options for men, women, and children facing reproductive health threats from medical treatments or age. Established methods include sperm and oocyte cryopreservation, with experimental options for younger patients.

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Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
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Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

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Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction
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Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

Published on: March 25, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
08:46

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives

Published on: September 16, 2021

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization
06:40

Collection of Human Follicular Fluid, Follicle Somatic Cells, and Immature Oocytes from Individuals Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization

Published on: October 24, 2025

Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction
12:03

Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

Published on: March 25, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Oncology Supportive Care
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gonadotoxic treatments for cancer and other malignancies threaten reproductive health in men, women, and children.
  • Age-related infertility affects many individuals, impacting their ability to conceive.
  • Non-oncologic conditions can also impair spermatogenesis and ovogenesis, necessitating fertility preservation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review established and experimental fertility preservation methods for various patient groups.
  • To highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in fertility preservation.
  • To inform patients about options for maintaining reproductive health.

Main Methods:

  • Sperm cryopreservation for postpubertal males.
  • Oocyte cryopreservation for adult females.
  • Experimental testicular and ovarian tissue cryopreservation for prepubertal children.

Main Results:

  • Sperm cryopreservation is the established method for males, while testicular tissue cryopreservation is experimental.
  • Oocyte cryopreservation is preferred for adult women; ovarian tissue cryopreservation is the only option for prepubertal girls.
  • Fertility preservation addresses gonadotoxicity, age-related infertility, and other conditions impairing gametogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Fertility preservation encompasses diverse techniques for preserving reproductive potential.
  • A coordinated multidisciplinary approach is crucial for effective patient counseling and care.
  • These methods offer hope for maintaining reproductive health despite medical challenges.