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Metastasis

Metastasis

Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy

Published on: November 29, 2018

Initial operative time and metastatic disease recurrence.

Marlin Wayne Causey¹, Pamela L Burgess, Christopher Rees Porta

¹Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Fitzsimmons Avenue, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA.

Military Medicine

|December 4, 2012

Summary

Operative time during colon cancer surgery, even with resident involvement, does not increase the risk of liver metastases. Focus on oncologic principles, not case duration, for better patient outcomes.

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Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy

Published on: November 29, 2018

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

Published on: September 9, 2020

Area of Science:

Oncology
Surgical Outcomes

Background:

Colon cancer metastasis significantly impacts patient morbidity and mortality after surgical resection.
Understanding factors influencing metastatic recurrence is crucial for improving patient survival rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if operative time, as a proxy for resident involvement, correlates with an increased risk of liver metastases after colon cancer resection.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 106 patients (Stage I-III colon cancer) undergoing curative resection between 2001-2005 at military training hospitals.
Data collected included intraoperative time, preoperative comorbidities, and perioperative factors.
Liver metastases identified via tumor registry and inpatient records with 5-year follow-up through 2010.

Main Results:

No statistically significant difference in operative times between patients with (205 ± 60 min) and without (187 ± 73 min) recurrence (p=0.398).
Operative time showed no correlation with time to recurrence (p=0.452).
Cox regression analysis confirmed case duration did not impact time to metastatic recurrence (p=0.461).

Conclusions:

Increased operative time, potentially reflecting resident involvement, does not appear to elevate the risk of metastatic recurrence in colon cancer patients.
Surgeons should prioritize established oncologic principles and tumor biology over concerns about operative duration impacting metastatic outcomes.