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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe and...
Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis01:20

Desensitization and Tachyphylaxis

Tachyphylaxis is described as a rapid decrease in response to a drug after repeated or continuous administration of the same drug dose. It is a phenomenon where the body becomes less responsive to a particular substance or intervention over time, requiring higher doses or stronger interventions to achieve the same effect. It results from adaptive changes in the body's receptors, signaling pathways, or physiological processes that occur in response to prolonged exposure to a stimulus.
Several...
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Drug Dependence01:17

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
Restorative Care01:19

Restorative Care

Restorative care is provided once a patient has been discharged from a healthcare facility and requires additional services. The additional services include home care, rehabilitation programs, and extended care. Restorative care centers help the patient regain their previous level of functioning or acquire a new level of functioning due to the incapacitating effects of a disease or a disability. It aims to assist patients in enhancing their quality of life by encouraging independence,...
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Published on: October 17, 2025

Relapse.

Nicholas J White1, Mallika Imwong

  • 1Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. nickw@tropmedres.ac

Advances in Parasitology
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Plasmodium vivax malaria relapses are triggered by systemic illness, not just mosquito bites. This finding impacts malaria control strategies and understanding of parasite diversity.

Area of Science:

  • Tropical Medicine
  • Parasitology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Plasmodium vivax causes significant febrile illness globally, with relapses originating from dormant liver-stage parasites (hypnozoites).
  • Current prevention of relapses relies on 8-aminoquinoline antimalarials, but understanding relapse epidemiology is crucial for effective control and elimination.
  • P. vivax exhibits diverse relapse patterns, including short intervals in tropical regions and long incubation/latency periods (8-10 months) in temperate/sub-tropical zones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epidemiological factors influencing Plasmodium vivax relapse phenotypes.
  • To explain the periodicity and triggers of P. vivax relapses.
  • To assess the implications of relapse patterns for malaria control and elimination strategies.

Main Methods:

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  • Analysis of existing evidence on P. vivax relapse intervals and determinants.
  • Evaluation of the role of sporozoite inoculation number on relapse timing and frequency.
  • Hypothesis formulation based on observed relapse patterns and population-level parasite dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Systemic febrile illness, including other malaria infections, is proposed as the primary activator of hypnozoites, leading to regular P. vivax relapses.
  • This activation mechanism explains high rates of P. vivax following P. falciparum malaria and increased relapse rates in endemic populations.
  • The findings suggest long-latency P. vivax phenotypes may be more prevalent than previously recognized.

Conclusions:

  • Systemic illness is a key factor driving P. vivax relapse periodicity and frequency.
  • Understanding these relapse dynamics is critical for accurate assessment of radical treatment efficacy.
  • The proposed mechanism contributes to P. vivax genetic diversity and has significant implications for malaria elimination efforts.