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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Preparation of Binary and Ternary Deep Eutectic Systems

Published on: October 31, 2019

Are deep eutectic solvents benign or toxic?

Maan Hayyan¹, Mohd Ali Hashim, Adeeb Hayyan

¹University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. maan_hayyan@yahoo.com

|December 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) show no toxicity to common bacteria. However, these DESs exhibit higher cytotoxicity than their individual components, highlighting unique toxicological profiles requiring further investigation.

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Area of Science:

Green Chemistry
Environmental Science
Toxicology

Background:

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as environmentally benign alternatives to conventional solvents.
Understanding the toxicological profile of DESs is crucial for their sustainable application.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the toxicity and cytotoxicity of choline chloride (ChCl)-based DESs.
To compare the toxicity of DESs with their individual components.

Main Methods:

Bacterial toxicity testing using Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria.
Cytotoxicity assessment using Artemia salina (brine shrimp) assays.

Main Results:

No toxic effects were observed for the tested DESs against all bacterial strains.
DESs demonstrated significantly higher cytotoxicity compared to their individual components (e.g., glycerine, ChCl).
Toxicity and cytotoxicity varied based on the specific components of the DESs.

Conclusions:

ChCl-based DESs exhibit a benign effect on tested bacteria.
The toxicological behavior of DESs differs from their constituent compounds.
Further research is needed to fully understand DES toxicity and guide the use of terms like non-toxicity and biodegradability.