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Related Concept Videos

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase C—inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate...
Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification01:27

Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification

Adrenergic receptors, or adrenoceptors, respond to the autonomic neurotransmitter noradrenaline and other endogenous catecholamine agonists. They are classified into two main families, α and β, based on their pharmacological response and are further subdivided depending on their location, elicited response, and affinity to specific agonists or antagonists.
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors, which are found on postsynaptic...
Sympathetic Signaling01:31

Sympathetic Signaling

Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...
Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers01:22

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of ɑ-Receptor Blockers

α-Adrenergic antagonists, known as α-blockers, exert their effects by inhibiting α-adrenoceptors, leading to specific physiological actions. α1-blockers and α2-blockers have distinct pharmacological actions and therapeutic applications.
α1-blockers: These drugs inhibit α1-adrenoceptors on smooth muscle cells, resulting in vasodilation. This vasodilation lowers blood pressure, making α1-blockers valuable in treating hypertension. Additionally, α1-blockers effectively address urinary obstruction...

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Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction
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Adrenoceptor function and expression in bladder urothelium and lamina propria.

Christian Moro1, Lotti Tajouri, Russ Chess-Williams

  • 1Bond Urology Group, Bond University Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.

Urology
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The pig urothelium/lamina propria uses alpha-1A/L-adrenoceptors to increase bladder contractions and beta-2 adrenoceptors to reduce them. This study clarifies adrenoceptor roles in bladder function.

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Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
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Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
10:26

Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology

Published on: August 18, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Urology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • The urothelium/lamina propria, the inner lining of the urinary bladder, exhibits spontaneous contractile activity.
  • Adrenoceptors are key regulators of smooth muscle function, but their specific roles in bladder urothelium are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific roles of different adrenoceptor subtypes in modulating the spontaneous contractile activity of the porcine urothelium/lamina propria.
  • To determine the expression levels of adrenoceptor genes within this tissue.

Main Methods:

  • Isolated strips of porcine urothelium/lamina propria were used to assess contractile responses.
  • Experiments involved agonists (noradrenaline, phenylephrine, isoprenaline) and subtype-selective antagonists.
  • Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to analyze adrenoceptor gene expression.

Main Results:

  • All alpha-1 (α1) and beta (β)-adrenoceptor subtypes were expressed, with α1A, α1B, and β2 being predominant at the mRNA level.
  • Alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonists (phenylephrine, A61603) increased contractile rate and basal tension.
  • Beta adrenoceptor agonists (isoprenaline, salbutamol) induced relaxation and slowed contractions, with β2-adrenoceptors playing a predominant role in inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • The α1A/L-adrenoceptor subtype mediates increases in contractile rate and tension in the porcine urothelium/lamina propria.
  • Beta-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of spontaneous contractile activity is primarily mediated by β2-adrenoceptors.
  • β1 and β2-adrenoceptors may also contribute to tension regulation in the bladder urothelium.