Transcription elongation factors DSIF and NELF: promoter-proximal pausing and beyond

DRB sensitivity-inducing factor (DSIF) and negative elongation factor (NELF) were originally identified as factors responsible for transcriptional inhibition by 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole (DRB) and were later found to control transcription elongation, together with P-TEFb, at the promoter-proximal region. Although there is ample evidence that these factors play roles throughout the genome, other data also suggest gene- or tissue-specific roles for these factors. In this review, we discuss how these apparently conflicting data can be reconciled. In light of recent findings, we also discuss the detailed mechanism by which these factors control the elongation process at the molecular level. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: RNA polymerase II Transcript Elongation.