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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb
14:56

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Published on: September 23, 2018

An unusual effect of interferential therapy.

Keramat Ullah Keramat1, Aisling Gaughran

  • 1Department of Physiotherapy, St. Patrick's Hospital, Carrick on Shannnon, Ireland. Karamatjee@gmail.com

BMJ Case Reports
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Interferential current therapy for shoulder pain may cause side effects like drowsiness and gait issues. These effects might be due to opioid interactions with tramadol, requiring clinical awareness.

Area of Science:

  • Physiotherapy
  • Pain Management
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Interferential currents (IFC) are a common physiotherapy modality for pain relief.
  • Patients with severe shoulder pain often receive IFC treatment.
  • Concurrent pain medication, such as tramadol HCl, is frequently used.

Observation:

  • A patient undergoing IFC therapy for shoulder pain reported significant side effects.
  • Symptoms included loss of concentration, drowsiness, decreased alertness, and gait disturbance.
  • These adverse effects persisted for 4-5 hours post-treatment.

Findings:

  • The observed symptoms are not previously reported in association with IFC therapy.
  • A potential mechanism involves excessive endogenous opioid production or potentiation of tramadol HCl effects.

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The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb
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  • Analgesia was achieved, but accompanied by neurological and cognitive side effects.

    • Implications:

    • Clinicians should be aware of potential neurological and cognitive side effects of IFC.
    • The interaction between IFC-induced endogenous opioids and opioid medications warrants further investigation.
    • This case highlights the need for careful patient monitoring during electrotherapy treatments.