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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Extracellular Matrix01:26

Extracellular Matrix

Unlike epithelial tissue, which is composed of cells closely packed with little or no extracellular space in between, connective tissue cells are dispersed in a matrix. This extracellular matrix (ECM) is composed of fibrous proteins like collagen, elastin, and fibronectin in a ground substance consisting of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. The proteoglycans form a gel-like material in the spaces between cells and provide hydration, buffering, binding, and force...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels
12:45

Mechanical Stimulation of Chondrocyte-agarose Hydrogels

Published on: October 27, 2012

Transient hypoxia improves matrix properties in tissue engineered cartilage.

Supansa Yodmuang1, Ivana Gadjanski, Pen-hsiu Grace Chao

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Orthopaedic Research : Official Publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Transient hypoxia followed by reoxygenation improves engineered cartilage quality by boosting gene expression and matrix production. This method shows promise for cartilage tissue engineering but requires further optimization for mechanical function.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

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12:45

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Published on: October 27, 2012

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect
09:35

Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Published on: September 11, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Adult articular cartilage is naturally hypoxic, with oxygen levels decreasing with depth.
  • Current cartilage tissue engineering often uses ambient oxygen (21% O(2)), which is physiologically high.
  • Oxygen tension significantly influences chondrocyte behavior and extracellular matrix (ECM) development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if transient hypoxia followed by normoxia enhances engineered cartilage ECM quality.
  • To compare the effects of continuous normoxia, continuous hypoxia, and transient hypoxia-reoxygenation on cartilage constructs.
  • To evaluate matrix composition and chondrogenic gene expression under different oxygen conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered cartilage constructs were cultured under three conditions: normoxia (21% O(2)), hypoxia (5% O(2)), and transient hypoxia-reoxygenation (5% O(2) then 21% O(2)).
  • Effects on matrix composition (glycosaminoglycans, type II collagen) and chondrogenic gene expression (COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9) were analyzed.
  • Mechanical properties, specifically equilibrium Young's modulus, were measured.

Main Results:

  • Transient hypoxia-reoxygenation significantly upregulated key chondrogenic genes (COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9).
  • This condition also increased tissue concentrations of glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen.
  • Constructs under transient hypoxia-reoxygenation and normoxia showed significantly higher Young's moduli than those under continuous hypoxia.

Conclusions:

  • Cultivation protocols involving transient hypoxia with reoxygenation enhance engineered cartilage quality.
  • This approach holds potential for efficient cartilage tissue engineering.
  • Further optimization is needed to improve the mechanical functionality of the engineered constructs.