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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
09:36

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

Sedation in the intensive care setting.

Christopher G Hughes1, Stuart McGrane, Pratik P Pandharipande

  • 1Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.

Clinical Pharmacology : Advances and Applications
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing sedation in critically ill patients is crucial. Implementing protocols with targeted arousal and reduced benzodiazepines improves outcomes, reducing mechanical ventilation time and brain dysfunction.

Keywords:
Behavioral Pain ScaleConfusion Assessment Method for the ICURichmond Agitation-Sedation ScaleSedation-Agitation Scaledexmedetomidinefentanylpropofol

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo
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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Published on: March 31, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sedation is standard for critically ill patients, but practices vary widely.
  • Inadequate pain control and oversedation have detrimental effects on patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current sedation practices in intensive care units.
  • To highlight strategies for optimizing analgesia and sedation management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sedation protocols and their impact on patient outcomes.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to sedation variability and oversedation.

Main Results:

  • Oversedation is common and linked to prolonged mechanical ventilation, longer ICU stays, and increased delirium.
  • Protocols incorporating targeted arousal, daily sedation interruption, and early mobilization improve outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Altering conventional sedation by prioritizing analgesia, using agents like propofol or dexmedetomidine, and minimizing benzodiazepines is recommended.
  • These changes can reduce mechanical ventilation duration and acute brain dysfunction in critically ill patients.