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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
Proteomics is the study of proteomes' function. It involves the large-scale systematic study of the proteome to denote the protein complement expressed by a genome. Scientist Mark Wilkins coined the term proteomics...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

JUMPn: A Streamlined Application for Protein Co-Expression Clustering and Network Analysis in Proteomics
07:28

JUMPn: A Streamlined Application for Protein Co-Expression Clustering and Network Analysis in Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2021

A systems view of the protein expression process.

Sucheta Gokhale1, Dimpal Nyayanit, Chetan Gadgil

  • 1Chemical Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India.

Systems and Synthetic Biology
|December 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review covers the biological regulation of protein production, from chromatin state to degradation. Mathematical models lag behind experimental detail, hindering systems biology analysis of protein synthesis.

Keywords:
Mathematical modelRegulatory networkTranscriptionTranslation

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

JUMPn: A Streamlined Application for Protein Co-Expression Clustering and Network Analysis in Proteomics
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High-throughput Protein Expression Generator Using a Microfluidic Platform

Published on: August 23, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Biological processes are regulated by protein concentration and activity.
  • Protein presence involves sequential steps influenced by chromatin, transcription, translation, and degradation.
  • Complex control systems involve feedback loops mediated by RNA and protein products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review biological facts and mathematical models of protein production stages.
  • To identify gaps between experimental detail and mathematical modeling in protein synthesis.
  • To propose a foundation for systems biology analysis of protein production.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on protein production.
  • Analysis of biological facts governing protein synthesis.
  • Examination of mathematical models for each stage of protein production.

Main Results:

  • Protein production is a multi-stage process with intricate regulatory mechanisms.
  • Experimental techniques provide detailed insights into protein synthesis.
  • Current mathematical models do not fully capture the complexity of protein production.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in experimental techniques have surpassed the development of comprehensive mathematical models.
  • There is a need for improved mathematical frameworks to analyze protein production.
  • Developing such models is crucial for advancing systems biology approaches to protein synthesis.