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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2
11:32

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

Powder diffraction from solids in the terapascal regime.

J R Rygg1, J H Eggert, A E Lazicki

  • 1Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|December 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new X-ray diffraction method for dynamically compressed solids. This technique achieves high pressures, enabling detailed analysis of material properties under extreme conditions.

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
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Published on: October 7, 2013

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

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Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures
07:26

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • High-Pressure Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Studying materials under extreme pressures is crucial for understanding planetary interiors and developing new materials.
  • Traditional methods for static compression are limited in the pressures and dynamic ranges achievable.
  • Laser-driven dynamic compression offers a pathway to probe materials at terapascal (TPa) pressures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To implement and validate a novel X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique for analyzing dynamically compressed solids.
  • To measure material properties such as density, crystal structure, and texture at extreme pressures.
  • To extend the capabilities of high-pressure research using laser facilities.

Main Methods:

  • Samples are ramp compressed in the solid phase between diamond plates using laser intensity.
  • Pressure history is determined by back-propagating diamond free-surface velocity measurements.
  • X-ray pulses are generated by laser illumination of metal foils (Cu, Fe) at peak pressure.
  • Diffracted X-rays are recorded on sensitive material, achieving a d-spacing uncertainty of ~0.01 Å.

Main Results:

  • The diagnostic successfully obtained powder diffraction data on dynamically compressed solids up to 0.9 TPa (9 Mbar).
  • The technique verified sample solidity, measured density, constrained crystal structure, and evaluated strain-induced texturing.
  • Measurements were performed on samples ranging from carbon (Z=6) to lead (Z=82).

Conclusions:

  • The developed X-ray diffraction method is effective for studying dynamically compressed solids at high pressures.
  • The technique provides valuable insights into material behavior under extreme conditions.
  • Further refinements are expected to enable diffraction measurements at pressures exceeding 1 TPa.