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Updated: May 16, 2026

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Published on: July 7, 2023
Neuromodulation in psychiatric disorders
Yasin Temel1, Sarah A Hescham, Ali Jahanshahi
1Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. y.temel@maastrichtuniversity.nl
Abstract:
Psychiatric disorders are worldwide a common cause of severe and long-term disability and socioeconomic burden. The management of patients with psychiatric disorders consists of drug therapy and/or psychotherapy. However, in some patients, these treatment modalities do not produce sufficient therapeutic effects or induce intolerable side effects. For these patients, neuromodulation has been suggested as a potential treatment modality. Neuromodulation includes deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. The rationale for neuromodulation is derived from the research identifying neurobiologically localized substrates for refractory psychiatric symptoms. Here, we review the clinical data on neuromodulation in the major psychiatric disorders. Relevant data from animal models will also be discussed to explain the neurobiological basis of the therapy.
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