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Types of Cement I

Types of Cement I

Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...

Types of Cement II

Types of Cement II

Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate resistance.

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...

Porosity in Cement Paste

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is critical—it...

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...

Strength of Cement

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in ASTM C...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material

Published on: December 20, 2024

Novel experimental cements for use on the dentin-pulp complex.

Raquel Venâncio Fernandes Dantas¹, Marcus Cristian Muniz Conde, Hugo Ramalho Sarmento

¹Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.

Brazilian Dental Journal

|December 5, 2012

Summary

Novel experimental dental cements (Hybrid, Paste, and Resin) were evaluated for pH, strength, and cytotoxicity. The photo-cured resin cement demonstrated comparable or superior performance to existing materials like Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC).

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Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2017

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material

Quasistatic Mechanical Testing for Computer-Aided Design and Manufacturing Occlusal Veneers Cemented to Milled Dentin Analog Material

Published on: December 20, 2024

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Development of a Direct Pulp-capping Model for the Evaluation of Pulpal Wound Healing and Reparative Dentin Formation in Mice

Published on: January 12, 2017

Area of Science:

Dental Materials Science
Biomaterials Engineering
Biocompatibility Testing

Background:

Development of advanced dental restorative materials is crucial for improved clinical outcomes.
Existing materials like Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) have limitations.
Novel cements aim to enhance physicochemical and biological properties through synergistic combinations.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the physicochemical properties (pH, diametral tensile strength) of experimental Hybrid, Paste, and Resin cements.
To assess the cytotoxicity of these novel cements using an MTT assay.
To compare the performance of experimental cements against MTA and a laboratory-developed GIC.

Main Methods:

Standardized specimens were prepared for physicochemical and biological testing.
pH was measured at 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours using a digital pH meter.
Diametral tensile strength (DTS) was determined via compressive load testing, and cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay.

Main Results:

Experimental Paste cement exhibited pH similar to MTA; Hybrid cement showed pH comparable to GIC.
The tested materials displayed pH values ranging from alkaline to near neutral over time.
Resin cement achieved the highest DTS, while Paste cement had the lowest. Cell viability was high for experimental cements (86-93%) compared to MTA (49%).

Conclusions:

Experimental cements, particularly the photo-cured Resin type, show promising physicochemical and biological properties.
The novel Resin cement exhibits comparable or superior performance to MTA and GIC.
These findings suggest potential for advanced dental cement formulations with enhanced biocompatibility and mechanical strength.