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Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists01:30

Cognitive Enhancers: Cholinesterase Inhibitors and NMDA Receptor Antagonists

Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function. They...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
07:02

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Published on: February 11, 2019

[Drug-induced cognitive impairment].

Moeko Shinohara1, Masahito Yamada

  • 1Department of Neurology and Neurobiology of Aging, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Takara-machi, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|December 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Elderly individuals are susceptible to medication-induced cognitive impairments like dementia and delirium. Prompt identification and discontinuation of the causative drug are crucial for effective treatment.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
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Published on: February 11, 2019

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neurology

Context:

  • Elderly individuals exhibit increased vulnerability to medication-related cognitive deficits.
  • Dementia and delirium are recognized complications of drug toxicity in older adults.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the association between various medications and cognitive impairment in the elderly.
  • To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and drug withdrawal for managing drug-induced cognitive issues.

Summary:

  • Anticholinergic drugs, psychoactive medications (antidepressants, anticonvulsants), and even non-psychoactive drugs (histamine H2 antagonists, cardiac drugs, antibiotics) can precipitate acute or chronic cognitive impairments.
  • Drug toxicity is a significant factor in the development of dementia and delirium in the elderly population.

Impact:

  • Facilitates earlier recognition and intervention for drug-induced cognitive impairments in geriatric patients.
  • Informs healthcare providers about potential cognitive side effects of a wide range of medications in older adults.