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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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Immunological manifestations in type I diabetic children.

Andreea Liana Răchişan1, Bianca Andreea David, Simona Căinap

  • 1Department of Pediatrics II, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "luliu Haţieganu" Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

Roumanian Archives of Microbiology and Immunology
|December 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Type 1 diabetes may be linked to oxidative stress. This study found lower paraoxonase 1 arylesterase activity in diabetic females versus males, suggesting gender differences in this antioxidant enzyme.

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Published on: September 10, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasingly recognized as an oxidative stress-influenced condition.
  • Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme is vital for antioxidant and antiatherogenic processes.
  • Understanding PON1 activity in T1DM, especially in relation to other autoimmune conditions and gender, is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate differences in paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzymatic activities (arylesterase and paraoxonase) between diabetic children and healthy controls.
  • To explore potential gender-based variations in PON1 activities within diabetic children.
  • To assess the correlation between PON1 activities, C-peptide levels, insulin antibodies, and disease duration in type 1 diabetic children.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic activities of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) were measured in 51 children with type 1 diabetes and 36 healthy controls.
  • C-peptide levels were determined in diabetic children.
  • Statistical analysis was performed to compare groups and assess correlations.

Main Results:

  • Paraoxonase 1 arylesterase activity was significantly lower in diabetic females compared to diabetic males.
  • C-peptide levels showed an inverse correlation with the duration of the disease.
  • PON1 activities correlated with insulin antibody levels in type 1 diabetic children.

Conclusions:

  • Paraoxonase 1 enzymatic patterns, specifically arylesterase activity, may differ between genders in type 1 diabetic children, potentially being lower in females.
  • C-peptide levels serve as a valuable indicator of remaining beta-cell function in T1DM.
  • PON1 activity warrants further investigation as a potential biomarker in T1DM, considering its role in oxidative stress and potential gender-specific differences.