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Migration00:53

Migration

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

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Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil
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Global update: Brazil.

Rosalia Mendez-Otero1, Antonio Carlos Campos de Carvalho

  • 1Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. rmotero@biof.ufrj.br

Regenerative Medicine
|December 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Brazil

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell research
  • Biomedical research policy
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research faced legal challenges in Brazil, with only adult stem cell research federally funded prior to 2008.
  • Despite restrictions, Brazil achieved notable advancements in stem cell research.
  • Federal funding policies, particularly from the Ministry of Health, have been pivotal in advancing stem cell research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the trajectory of human embryonic stem cell research in Brazil.
  • To highlight the impact of policy changes and federal funding on stem cell research advancements.
  • To document the growth and scope of stem cell research initiatives in Brazil.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of legal and policy developments regarding stem cell research in Brazil.

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  • Review of federal funding allocations and project investments since 2005.
  • Documentation of key achievements, including the derivation of the first Brazilian hESC line.

    • Main Results:

    • Human embryonic stem cell research was legally approved in Brazil in 2008 after a four-year debate.
    • The first Brazilian human embryonic stem cell line was derived in 2008.
    • Over US$50 million in federal investments since 2005 have supported 110 stem cell research projects.

    Conclusions:

    • Brazilian stem cell research has progressed significantly, particularly after the legal approval of hESC research.
    • Government policies and substantial federal funding have been instrumental in driving research from basic to clinical applications.
    • Brazil has established a growing capacity in stem cell research, evidenced by increased investment and project funding.