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Related Concept Videos

Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts01:13

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) are formed from the myotomes. MPCs express genes that encode the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7. Along with Pax 3/7, other transcription factors...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Maturation of Endosomes01:28

Maturation of Endosomes

The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
Changes in location
The maturing endosome moves along microtubules from the periphery of the cell towards the perinuclear region. This movement of the...
Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order structures.

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Related Experiment Video

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Utilizing In Vivo Postnatal Electroporation to Study Cerebellar Granule Neuron Morphology and Synapse Development
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Published on: June 9, 2021

Steep increase in myonuclear domain size during infancy.

Tammo Delhaas1, Sander F T Van der Meer, Gert Schaart

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands. tammo.delhaas@maastrichtuniversity.nl

Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)
|December 6, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Skeletal muscle fibers grow larger with age, but myonuclear number doesn't increase proportionally until after age four. Myonuclear domain size expands significantly in infancy, reaching adult levels by adolescence.

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Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons
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Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

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Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons
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Studying the Integration of Adult-born Neurons

Published on: March 25, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Muscle physiology
  • Developmental biology
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Skeletal muscle growth involves increases in muscle fiber size (hypertrophy).
  • The relationship between myonuclear accretion and fiber growth during human development is not fully understood.
  • Satellite cells are muscle stem cells crucial for muscle repair and growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if myonuclear number increases proportionally with fiber size during skeletal muscle maturation in children.
  • To examine the changes in satellite cell density and myonuclear number relative to fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA) with age.
  • To determine the developmental trajectory of myonuclear domain size.

Main Methods:

  • Human thoraco-abdominal muscle tissue samples were collected from 6-day to 15-year-old children.
  • Muscle cross-sections were stained for laminin (basal lamina) and DAPI (nuclei).
  • Fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA) was measured, and myonuclei (pax7-negative) and satellite cells (pax7-positive) were quantified.

Main Results:

  • Fiber cross-sectional area (FCSA) increased significantly with age (187 μm²/year).
  • Satellite cell density decreased sharply in early life, without a concurrent rise in myonuclei per fiber.
  • Myonuclear number per fiber remained stable until age four, then increased, while myonuclear domain size expanded significantly during infancy and childhood.

Conclusions:

  • Myonuclear addition does not keep pace with fiber growth in early childhood.
  • Significant increases in myonuclear number occur after four years of age, supporting the concept of myonuclear domain regulation.
  • Myonuclear domain size expands considerably during early development, reaching adult proportions in adolescence.