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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

Standing Waves

Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...
Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...

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An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Two- and three-dimensional standing waves in a reaction-diffusion system.

Tamás Bánsági1, Vladimir K Vanag, Irving R Epstein

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Mail Stop 015, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standing chemical concentration waves form distinct patterns in 2D and 3D Belousov-Zhabotinsky reactions within microemulsions. These patterns are sensitive to system size and shape, differing from Turing patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical kinetics
  • Physical chemistry
  • Materials science

Background:

  • The Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction is a classic example of oscillating chemical reactions.
  • Understanding pattern formation in chemical systems is crucial for various applications.
  • Microemulsions offer unique environments for studying complex chemical phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate standing waves of chemical concentration in quasi-two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) systems.
  • To characterize the structures formed by the aqueous Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in a specific microemulsion.
  • To compare observed patterns with theoretical models and biological systems.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a reverse microemulsion system stabilized by sodium bis-2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) with cyclo-octane as the continuous phase.
  • Observing the Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction in thin layers (2D) and capillaries (3D).
  • Performing computer simulations and comparing results with observations in E. coli.

Main Results:

  • Observed standing waves of chemical concentration in both 2D and 3D configurations.
  • Identified oscillatory lamellae and square-packed cylinders in 3D structures at different aqueous volume fractions.
  • Correlated 3D structures with oscillatory labyrinthine stripes and square-packed spots in the 2D system.
  • Found qualitative agreement between experimental observations and computer simulations.

Conclusions:

  • The observed chemical patterns are sensitive to the size and shape of the reaction system.
  • The formation of these patterns differs from classical Turing patterns.
  • Microemulsion environments facilitate the study of complex chemical dynamics and pattern formation.