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The Uncertainty Principle

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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He mathematically...

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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Complete insecurity of quantum protocols for classical two-party computation.

Harry Buhrman¹, Matthias Christandl, Christian Schaffner

¹University of Amsterdam and CWI Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters

|December 11, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum cryptography protocols for joint computation are vulnerable. Security for one party, like Bob, against a cheating Alice, leads to complete insecurity for Alice, revealing fundamental limits in quantum mechanics.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

Area of Science:

Quantum Cryptography
Information Theory
Computational Complexity

Background:

Joint computation in cryptography requires parties to compute a function without revealing private inputs.
Quantum protocols aim to achieve secure joint computation, but perfect security is known to be unattainable.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the security implications of quantum protocols for two-sided joint computation.
To analyze the trade-offs between security for one party and insecurity for the other in quantum cryptographic tasks.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of quantum protocols for deterministic function computation.
Examination of security against cheating parties within the framework of quantum mechanics.

Main Results:

Any quantum protocol secure against a cheating Bob can be completely broken by a cheating Alice.
Security for one party necessitates complete insecurity for the other in two-sided quantum computation.
Conclusions hold even for approximate security and differing functions for each party.

Conclusions:

Quantum mechanics imposes fundamental limits on achieving simultaneous security for both parties in joint computation.
The findings contrast with protocols for weak coin tossing, highlighting specific limitations in quantum cryptography.
The research underscores the inherent vulnerabilities in quantum protocols for secure two-sided computation.