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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes01:21

Entropy Changes Accompanying Specific Processes

Entropy, a measure of disorder in a system, changes during phase transitions like freezing or boiling. At the transition temperature Ttrs, where two phases are in equilibrium, the phase transition is a reversible process. The entropy change can be calculated from a substance's enthalpy of transition using the equation ΔStrs = ΔtrsH /Ttrs.When a perfect gas expands isothermally from one volume to another, entropy increases logarithmically with volume. Conversely, isothermal compression results...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Phase transition driven discontinuity in thermodynamic size selection.

R van Gastel1, D Kaminski, E Vlieg

  • 1Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Physical Review Letters
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

An order-disorder phase transition in a 2D system can dramatically change nanostructure size and shape. This discovery offers a new method for controlling nanoscale patterns using phase transitions in surface alloys.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Self-assembled nanostructures are crucial in nanotechnology.
  • Controlling their morphology is essential for device applications.
  • Surface alloys offer tunable platforms for nanostructure formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of phase transitions on nanostructure morphology.
  • To explore the use of order-disorder transitions in controlling nanostructure shape and size.
  • To demonstrate a novel mechanism for nanostructure engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) to study dealloying.
  • Examined the Cu(111)-sqrt[3]×sqrt[3]-R30°-Bi surface alloy.
  • Analyzed the effects of temperature-induced bismuth expulsion.

Main Results:

  • Observed a hard-hexagon-type order-disorder transition in the surface alloy.
  • Demonstrated that loss of long-range order significantly alters domain patterns.
  • Showcased discontinuous changes in nanostructure shape and size.

Conclusions:

  • Phase transitions in surface alloys provide a general mechanism for nanostructure control.
  • This approach offers a new pathway for tailoring nanoscale morphologies.
  • The findings open avenues for designing advanced nanomaterials.