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Skewness

Skewness

The measures of central tendency calculated from a data set may not reveal much about its intrinsic distribution. If a plot is made of the data set’s values, the mean and the median may not only differ, but also the plot may have more values on one side of the central tendencies. Such a data set is said to be skewed towards that side.
The longer the tail of the plot on one side, the more skewed it is. The skewness of a data set’s values suggests that the measures of central tendency are...

Types of Skewness

Types of Skewness

If the frequency distribution of a data set is more inclined towards smaller or larger values, the distribution is said to be skewed. If data values are skewed to the right, then the distribution is called positively skewed. Conversely, if the plot is skewed to the left, the distribution is called negatively skewed.
For instance, in the middle of a pandemic, the geographical distribution of vaccine coverage may be positively skewed towards populations in the global north countries. However,...

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Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the torque exerted...

Introduction to Scalers

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Many familiar physical quantities can be specified completely by giving a single number and the appropriate unit. For example, "a class period lasts 50 min," or "the gas tank in my car holds 65 L," or "the distance between the two posts is 100 m." A physical quantity that can be specified completely in this manner is called a scalar quantity. The word "scalar" is a synonym for "number." Time, mass, distance, length, volume, temperature, and energy are some examples of scalar quantities.
Scalar...

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

Destabilization of Microtubules

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The destabilization of microtubules can occur during different stages of the microtubule lifecycle, such as nucleation or elongation. It can take place at either end of the microtubule or in the microtubule lattices as a whole. The lifespan of individual microtubules within a cell varies according to the cell type and stage of the cell cycle. During interphase, the lifespan of the microtubule is about 30 minutes, while during cell division, it is about 15 minutes. In axonal microtubules of...

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Root waving and skewing: unexpectedly in micro-g.

BMC Plant Biology

|December 11, 2012

Summary

Plant roots exhibit waving and skewing, previously thought to require gravity. New research shows these growth patterns occur independently of gravity, opening new avenues for plant biology research.

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Gravitropism Research
Root Development

Background:

Gravity significantly influences plant root growth, including gravitropism, waving, and skewing.
Waving and skewing were previously believed to necessitate a gravitational stimulus.
Over 300 publications in the last 5 years have documented gravity's effects on root growth.

Discussion:

Novel research by Paul et al. (2012) challenges the necessity of gravity for root waving and skewing.
Experiments conducted on the International Space Station utilized a new imaging system to observe root growth in microgravity.
Roots were observed to grow away from LED lights (negatively phototropic) in microgravity.

Key Insights:

Root waving and skewing were observed in plants grown in microgravity, demonstrating gravity independence.

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These findings suggest that mechanisms other than gravity, such as touch responses and differential auxin transport, may regulate these growth phenomena.

The study provides critical new insights into the fundamental processes of plant root development.

Outlook:

Future research will likely focus on deciphering the signaling pathways involved in gravity-independent root skewing and waving.
Cell and molecular biologists are expected to investigate the roles of touch responses and auxin transport.
This research opens new possibilities for understanding plant growth in diverse environments, including space.