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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Replicative Cell Senescence02:15

Replicative Cell Senescence

Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds the telomeric...
Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular cells,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle
09:14

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Published on: October 26, 2017

Cellular reprogramming in pursuit of immortality.

M Azim Surani1

  • 1Wellcome Trust Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK. a.surani@gurdon.cam.ac.uk

Cell Stem Cell
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic differences, not genetic ones, drive cell diversity and can be reset to restore pluripotency. This breakthrough promises revolutionary medical advances and an exciting future in regenerative medicine.

Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Phenotypic diversity arises from epigenetic modifications, not permanent genetic changes.
  • Differentiated cells retain the potential for reprogramming.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming is key to restoring cellular function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of epigenetic differences in cell diversity.
  • To discuss the implications of resetting epigenetic states for pluripotency.
  • To explore the future of medicine based on these discoveries.

Main Methods:

  • Review of seminal discoveries in epigenetics and cell reprogramming.
  • Discussion of the impact of epigenetic modifications on cell phenotypes.
  • Analysis of the potential for therapeutic applications.

More Related Videos

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts
09:07

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Published on: February 5, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle
09:14

Evaluation of Injury-induced Senescence and In Vivo Reprogramming in the Skeletal Muscle

Published on: October 26, 2017

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts
09:07

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Published on: February 5, 2018

Main Results:

  • Established that epigenetic factors, not genetic mutations, underlie phenotypic variation in differentiated cells.
  • Demonstrated that epigenetic states can be reversed to achieve pluripotency.
  • Identified the transformative potential of these findings for medical innovation.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic reprogramming offers a powerful tool for regenerative medicine.
  • Future medical treatments will likely leverage the ability to reset cell identities.
  • Seminal discoveries in epigenetics herald a new era in healthcare.