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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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Distinct signaling pathways regulate TLR2 co-stimulatory function in human T cells.

Nicole M Chapman1, Mahmood Y Bilal, Noemi Cruz-Orcutt

  • 1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.

Cellular Signalling
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) enhances T cell receptor (TCR) activation by augmenting Akt and Erk1/Erk2 pathways. This study reveals distinct TLR2 signaling in human T cells, impacting immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Signaling

Background:

  • Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) acts as a co-stimulatory receptor for human T cells, enhancing T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cytokine production and proliferation.
  • The precise convergence point of TCR and TLR2 signaling in T cell activation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how concurrent TLR2 activation influences TCR-induced signaling pathways in human T cells.
  • To elucidate the downstream signaling events modulated by TLR2 co-activation in T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Human T cells were stimulated concurrently via TCR and TLR2.
  • Analysis of proximal TCR signaling, NFκB activation, and downstream kinases (Akt, Erk1/Erk2) was performed.

Main Results:

  • Concurrent TLR2 and TCR activation did not enhance proximal TCR signaling or early NFκB activation.
  • TLR2 co-induction significantly augmented Akt and Erk1/Erk2 activation in human T cells.
  • Association of TLR2 with TLR10 may explain the lack of enhanced proximal signaling.

Conclusions:

  • TLR2 activates distinct signaling pathways, specifically Akt and Erk1/Erk2, in human T cells.
  • Aberrant T cell responses may be linked to altered expression of TLR2 co-receptors.