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Related Concept Videos

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System I:Echocardiography01:17

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System I:Echocardiography

Cardiac imaging studies encompass a wide range of noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques designed to visualize the heart's structure and function in detail. One such technique is echocardiography, which uses high-frequency ultrasound waves to produce detailed images of the heart, known as echocardiograms.
Indications: Echocardiography is utilized to diagnose heart failure, valve disorders, and myocardial infarction. It also assesses cardiac structures' size, shape, and motion, evaluates...
Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Local Field Fluorescence Microscopy: Imaging Cellular Signals in Intact Hearts
10:33

Local Field Fluorescence Microscopy: Imaging Cellular Signals in Intact Hearts

Published on: March 8, 2017

Ca²⁺ waves in the heart.

Leighton T Izu1, Yuanfang Xie, Daisuke Sato

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, USA. ltizu@ucdavis.edu

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Calcium (Ca2+) waves, first observed in the 1940s, are crucial in cardiac cells. This review explores mathematical models, physiological roles, and Ca2+ phase waves for understanding arrhythmias.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biophysics
  • Mathematical Biology

Background:

  • Calcium (Ca2+) waves have been studied since the 1940s by diverse scientific fields.
  • These waves play significant roles in cardiac cell physiology.
  • Understanding Ca2+ wave dynamics is critical for various biological and medical disciplines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current mathematical models of Ca2+ waves.
  • To discuss the physiological functions of Ca2+ waves in cardiac cells.
  • To introduce Ca2+ phase waves as a framework for understanding triggered arrhythmias.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mathematical models of Ca2+ waves.
  • Analysis of physiological roles of Ca2+ waves in cardiac cells.
  • Conceptual framework development for Ca2+ phase waves.

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Dual-Dye Optical Mapping of Hearts from RyR2R2474S Knock-In Mice of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
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Dual-Dye Optical Mapping of Hearts from RyR2R2474S Knock-In Mice of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Published on: December 22, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Local Field Fluorescence Microscopy: Imaging Cellular Signals in Intact Hearts
10:33

Local Field Fluorescence Microscopy: Imaging Cellular Signals in Intact Hearts

Published on: March 8, 2017

Dual-Dye Optical Mapping of Hearts from RyR2R2474S Knock-In Mice of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
09:36

Dual-Dye Optical Mapping of Hearts from RyR2R2474S Knock-In Mice of Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Published on: December 22, 2023

Main Results:

  • Mathematical models of Ca2+ waves are advancing.
  • Ca2+ waves have essential physiological functions in the heart.
  • Spatial arrangement of Ca2+ release channels influences wave propagation.
  • Ca2+ phase waves offer a new perspective on arrhythmias.

Conclusions:

  • Ca2+ waves are a fundamental phenomenon with broad scientific interest.
  • Further research into mathematical models and Ca2+ phase waves can elucidate cardiac function and dysfunction.
  • Understanding Ca2+ wave mechanisms is key to addressing triggered arrhythmias.