Au-induced quantum chains on Ge(001)-symmetries, long-range order and the conduction path

Atomic nanowires on the Au/Ge(001) surface are investigated for their structural and electronic properties using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). STM reveals two distinct symmetries: a c(8 × 2) describing the basic repeating distances, while the fine structure on top of the wires causes an additional superstructure of p(4 × 1). Both symmetries are long-range ordered as judged from low-energy electron diffraction. The Fermi surface is composed of almost perfectly straight sheets. Thus, the electronic states are one-dimensionally confined. Spatial dI/dV maps, where both topography and density of states (DOS) are probed simultaneously, reveal that the DOS at low energies, i.e. the conduction path, is oriented along the chain direction. This is fully consistent with the recently reported Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid phase of Au/Ge(001), with the density of states being suppressed by a power-law towards the Fermi energy.