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Related Concept Videos

Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
Titration of a Polyprotic Acid02:08

Titration of a Polyprotic Acid

A polyprotic acid contains more than one ionizable hydrogen and undergoes a stepwise ionization process. If the acid dissociation constants of the ionizable protons differ sufficiently from each other, then the titration curve for such polyprotic acid generates a distinct equivalence point for each of its ionizable hydrogens. Therefore, titration of a diprotic acid results in the formation of two equivalence points, whereas the titration of a triprotic acid results in the formation of three...
Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics01:28

Antihypertensive Drugs: Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Liddle syndrome is a genetically inherited form of hypertension characterized by the overactivity of epithelial sodium channels in the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. This heightened activity leads to increased sodium reabsorption and excessive excretion of potassium. To counteract this, potassium-sparing diuretics such as amiloride are used. They function by blocking these sodium channels, thereby reducing the influx of sodium into the epithelial cells and minimizing the loss of...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Published on: May 18, 2018

Potassium salts of hypodiphosphoric acid.

Barbara Szafranowska1, Katarzyna Slepokura, Tadeusz Lis

  • 1Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Poland.

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study details six potassium salts of hypodiphosphoric acid, revealing staggered conformations of hypodiphosphate anions and varied crystal structures. The P-P bond lengths are consistent across different anion basicities.

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Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method
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Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants

Published on: October 19, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Hypodiphosphoric acid (H(4)P(2)O(6)) is a fundamental inorganic compound with various potential applications.
  • Understanding the structural diversity and bonding characteristics of its salts is crucial for materials science.
  • Potassium salts offer a unique cation for exploring crystal packing and hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a series of six crystalline potassium salts of hypodiphosphoric acid.
  • To elucidate the crystal structures and conformational properties of the hypodiphosphate anions.
  • To investigate the role of potassium cations in organizing the crystal lattices through coordination and hydrogen bonding.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of six distinct potassium hypodiphosphate salts.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine detailed crystal structures.
  • Analysis of anion conformations, P-P bond lengths, and coordination environments of potassium cations.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized and structurally characterized six potassium hypodiphosphate salts, including K(+)·H(3)P(2)O(6)(-), 2K(+)·H(2)P(2)O(6)(2-)·nH(2)O, 5K(+)·HP(2)O(6)(3-)·H(2)P(2)O(6)(2-)·2H(2)O, 3K(+)·HP(2)O(6)(3-)·4H(2)O, and 4K(+)·P(2)O(6)(4-)·4H(2)O.
  • All hypodiphosphate anions (H(3)P(2)O(6)(-), H(2)P(2)O(6)(2-), HP(2)O(6)(3-), and P(2)O(6)(4-)) exhibit a staggered conformation.
  • P-P bond lengths remain consistent (2.1722(7)-2.1892(10) Å) regardless of anion basicity, and potassium cations display coordination numbers from 6 to 9, forming diverse polymeric networks or isolated/dimeric units.

Conclusions:

  • The structural diversity of potassium hypodiphosphate salts arises from varied hydrogen-bonding networks and potassium coordination environments.
  • The P-P bond length is an intrinsic property of the hypodiphosphate anion, unaffected by the degree of protonation or potassium substitution.
  • These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of polyphosphate chemistry and the structural principles governing inorganic salt crystallization.