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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
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Encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis.

John E Greenlee1

  • 1University of Utah, Clinical Neuroscience Center, 175 North Medical Dr E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. john.greenlee@hsc.utah.edu

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis are neurologic emergencies. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, including antivirals or immunosuppressants, are crucial for managing these serious conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis are critical neurological emergencies.
  • These conditions pose risks of mortality and significant neurological impairment.

Observation:

  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 and West Nile virus are key causes of encephalitis.
  • Recent advances include understanding varicella-zoster virus, enterovirus 71, and autoimmune mechanisms.
  • Postinfectious encephalitis can be recurrent and may evolve into multiple sclerosis.

Findings:

  • Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for encephalitis and postinfectious encephalitis.
  • Identifying infectious causes necessitates antibiotic or antiviral therapy.
  • Autoimmune encephalitides require immunosuppressive treatment.

Implications:

  • Timely intervention can prevent severe outcomes in encephalitis.
  • Distinguishing infectious from autoimmune causes guides appropriate therapy.
  • Understanding postinfectious encephalitis aids in predicting long-term neurological sequelae.