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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

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Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
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Chronic and subacute meningitis.

Joseph R Zunt1, Kelly J Baldwin

  • 1Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Ave, Room 3EH70, Box 359775, Seattle, WA 98104, USA. jzunt@u.washington.edu

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subacute and chronic meningitis, defined by inflammation of the meninges over weeks to months, can now be accurately diagnosed using advanced serologic and CSF testing. This allows for targeted treatments, improving patient outcomes for infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune causes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Meningitis involves inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
  • It is classified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on the inflammation's duration.
  • This review focuses on common causes of subacute and chronic meningitis, typically evolving over weeks to months.

Observation:

  • Chronic meningitis is characterized by persistent inflammation without resolution of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities.
  • Distinguishing the time course is crucial for developing an accurate differential diagnosis.
  • Recent advancements in diagnostic tools have improved the identification of specific etiologies.

Findings:

  • Advanced serologic and CSF diagnostic tests enable precise identification of infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune causes of chronic meningitis.
  • Improved diagnostic certainty facilitates rapid and specific treatment strategies.
  • Enhanced imaging techniques assist in diagnosis and detection of complications like hydrocephalus and stroke.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis of chronic meningitis leads to more effective and timely treatment regimens.
  • Improved patient outcomes are achievable through targeted therapies based on identified etiologies.
  • Advances in diagnostics and imaging enhance clinical decision-making for complex CNS inflammatory conditions.