Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evaluating Treatment Dynamics in Refractory Status Epilepticus: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study.

The Neurohospitalist·2026
Same author

Updates in Neuroradiology and Cutting Edge Imaging Techniques.

Seminars in neurology·2025
Same author

Multiple sclerosis patients exhibit oral dysbiosis with decreased early colonizers and lower hypotaurine level.

NPJ biofilms and microbiomes·2025
Same author

Consensus-based disease definitions for endocrine immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Journal for immunotherapy of cancer·2025
Same author

A Multi-Center Retrospective Cohort Study of Neurosarcoidosis Myelitis: Current Observations and Future Directions.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology·2025
Same author

Exploring the screening methods, prevalence, and risk factors of malnutrition in multiple sclerosis: A scoping review.

Clinical nutrition ESPEN·2025
Same journal

Key Considerations in Telestroke Program Management.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Neurology's Action Potential: Delivering on the Promise of Brain Health.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Erratum.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Management of Large Artery Atherosclerosis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Stroke in Children and Younger Adults.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

Infectious myelopathies.

Tracey A Cho1, Henrikas Vaitkevicius

  • 1MGH Neurology, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, USA. tracey.cho@post.harvard.edu

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prompt recognition of infectious causes of myelopathy is crucial for patient outcomes. This review details evolving pathogens and diagnostic tools for neurologists evaluating myelopathic symptoms.

More Related Videos

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes
06:44

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

Published on: June 13, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
09:07

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes
06:44

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

Published on: June 13, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Spinal Cord Pathology

Background:

  • Infections and secondary inflammatory processes are significant contributors to spinal pathology, potentially leading to myelopathy or myelitis.
  • Prompt diagnosis and recognition are essential for optimal clinical outcomes and accurate prognostication.

Observation:

  • The landscape of neurological infections is dynamic, influenced by global travel, antimicrobial resistance, vaccination, and advancements in antiretroviral therapies.
  • Enteroviruses, including poliovirus and enterovirus 71, exemplify the changing spectrum of pathogens causing acute flaccid paralysis.
  • Immunocompromised populations, such as those with HIV, present unique challenges with evolving primary complications and associated infections like tuberculosis, syphilis, and varicella-zoster virus.

Findings:

  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on major pathogens responsible for myelopathic symptoms.
  • It highlights unique clinical syndromes and diagnostic signs to assist in differential diagnosis and workup.
  • The article discusses parainfectious, viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infections, detailing clinical descriptions, pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies, and treatment approaches.

Implications:

  • Neurologists are encouraged to consider infectious etiologies early in the evaluation of myelopathic symptoms.
  • Emerging molecular and immunologic diagnostic tools are becoming vital for rapid and accurate pathogen identification.
  • Understanding the evolving spectrum of infectious myelopathies is critical for effective patient management and prognosis.