Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Dementia l: Introduction01:22

Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intractable Positional Hiccups From Transdiaphragmatic Cardiac Pacemaker Leads.

Mayo Clinic proceedings·2026
Same author

A Multi-Center Retrospective Cohort Study of Neurosarcoidosis Myelitis: Current Observations and Future Directions.

Annals of clinical and translational neurology·2025
Same author

Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Neurosarcoidosis: A Delphi Survey of Experts Across the United States.

Neurology. Clinical practice·2025
Same author

<i>SLC29A3</i> Pathogenic Variants Resulting in Dural Based Fibroinflammatory Mass Lesions and H Syndrome Treated With Cobimetinib: A Case Report.

Neurology. Genetics·2024
Same author

Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine and Chemokine Profiles in Central Nervous System Sarcoidosis: Diagnostic and Immunopathologic Insights.

Annals of neurology·2024
Same author

Novel RAB39B loss-of-function mutation in patient with typical early-onset Parkinson's disease.

Parkinsonism & related disorders·2024
Same journal

Key Considerations in Telestroke Program Management.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Neurology's Action Potential: Delivering on the Promise of Brain Health.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Erratum.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Management of Large Artery Atherosclerosis.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy, and Antithrombotic Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
Same journal

Stroke in Children and Younger Adults.

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Multifocal Electroretinograms
16:49

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Published on: December 4, 2011

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Allen J Aksamit1

  • 1Mayo Clinic, Department of Neurology, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. aksamit@mayo.edu

Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a serious CNS infection affecting immunocompromised individuals. While no cure exists, managing immunosuppression and immune reconstitution offers hope for better patient outcomes.

More Related Videos

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Multifocal Electroretinograms
16:49

Multifocal Electroretinograms

Published on: December 4, 2011

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia

Published on: May 18, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Neurovirology
  • Immunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • PML is increasingly recognized in patients with AIDS and those undergoing immunosuppressive therapies for autoimmune diseases.
  • The infection destroys oligodendrocytes, leading to demyelination and neurological deficits.

Observation:

  • JC virus is the etiologic agent of PML.
  • Diagnosis is aided by advanced techniques like MRI and PCR analysis of cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) can complicate treatment upon reversal of immunosuppression.

Findings:

  • PML predominantly affects HIV-infected individuals but is also seen in patients on immunosuppressants for autoimmune conditions.
  • The exact pathogenesis of JC virus infection remains under investigation.
  • Sophisticated diagnostic tools have improved detection and identification of PML.

Implications:

  • Currently, no definitive therapy exists for PML.
  • Management strategies focus on withdrawing immunosuppressive agents and restoring immune function.
  • These interventions offer potential for improved long-term survival and patient management.