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Related Concept Videos

Convenience Sampling Method00:55

Convenience Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
Convenience sampling is a non-random method of sample selection; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. For example, a marketing...
Cluster Sampling Method01:20

Cluster Sampling Method

Appropriate sampling methods ensure that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
To choose a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters (groups) and then randomly select some of the clusters. All the members from these clusters are in the cluster sample. For example, if you randomly sample four departments from your...
Sampling Plans01:23

Sampling Plans

Sampling is a crucial step in analytical chemistry, allowing researchers to collect representative data from a large population. Common sampling methods include random, judgmental, systematic, stratified, and cluster sampling.
Random sampling is a method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. It involves selecting individuals randomly, often using random number generators or lottery-type methods. For example, when analyzing the properties of a...
Sampling Methods: Sample Types01:18

Sampling Methods: Sample Types

Sampling materials are classified into three main types: solid, liquid, and gas.
Solid samples include a variety of substances, such as sediments from water bodies, soil, metals, and biological tissues. Two standard methods for extracting sediments from water bodies are grab sampling and piston coring. Grab sampling involves using a device to collect a discrete sediment sample from the bottom of a water body with minimal disturbance. Grab samples do not always represent the entire area due to...
Systematic Sampling Method01:17

Systematic Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population. Because measuring the entire population in a study is not practical, researchers use samples to represent the population of interest.
Systematic sampling is one of the simplest methods...
Data Collection by Survey01:07

Data Collection by Survey

The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data collection that involves collecting information from a target human population about their experience, opinion, or knowledge of a product, service, or process. The responses are recorded and interpreted. The most common survey examples are written questionnaires, face-to-face or telephonic conversations, focus groups, and electronic (e-mail or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
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Respondent-driven sampling in a syringe exchange setting.

Anders Hakansson1, Pernilla Isendahl, Camilla Wallin

  • 1Division of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden. anders_c.hakansson@med.lu.se

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Respondent-driven sampling from syringe exchange clients in Scandinavia struggled to reach hidden drug users. The method primarily identified existing syringe exchange attendees, indicating a need for tailored strategies to access out-of-treatment populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Social Sciences

Background:

  • Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a network-based sampling method for reaching hidden or hard-to-reach populations.
  • Its application in Scandinavian settings, particularly for identifying drug users at risk for HIV, is novel.
  • Effectively reaching individuals not engaged with treatment or social services remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of respondent-driven sampling initiated from syringe exchange clients.
  • To determine if RDS can identify 'hidden' drug users who are out-of-treatment and lack social service contact.
  • To assess the suitability of RDS in a Scandinavian context.

Main Methods:

  • Nine 'seed' participants (heroin and amphetamine injectors) were recruited from a syringe exchange program.
  • Seeds recruited up to three additional heavy drug users each, creating a chain-referral process.
  • Recruited participants were interviewed about drug use, social factors, and service contact; later waves were compared to earlier waves and seeds.

Main Results:

  • Five seeds successfully recruited participants, yielding a total of 66 assessed clients.
  • Clients recruited in later waves (4-9) did not significantly differ from those in earlier waves (0-3) or seeds.
  • All participants were injectors and syringe exchange users; later recruits showed higher syringe exchange attendance.

Conclusions:

  • Respondent-driven sampling, when initiated from syringe exchange clients, may not effectively reach drug users outside this network.
  • The method shows potential for future research in Scandinavia but requires adaptation to access out-of-treatment populations.
  • Targeted strategies are needed to identify and recruit hidden drug users unknown to existing services.