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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer01:22

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is critical for maintaining the body's pH balance. It operates on the equilibrium:

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[72-years-old male with known COPD and lactatacidosis : Preparation for the medical specialist examination: Part 17].

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Determination of volume-dependent respiratory system mechanics in mechanically ventilated patients using the new SLICE method.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics
11:02

Identification and Quantification of Deranged Metabolites in Critically Ill Patients Using NMR-Based Metabolomics

Published on: November 29, 2024

[Practical diagnostics of acid-base disorders. Part II: Complex metabolic disturbances].

P Deetjen1, M Lichtwarck-Aschoff

  • 1Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Operative Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Augsburg, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156 Augsburg, Deutschland. Philipp.Deetjen@klinikum-augsburg.de

Der Anaesthesist
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study explores complex metabolic acid-base disorders, highlighting the Stewart approach. It emphasizes the roles of chloride and albumin, offering new therapeutic insights beyond traditional methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Physiology
  • Internal Medicine

Context:

  • Explores complex metabolic acid-base disorders, a subject of historical debate among different physiological schools.
  • Builds upon a previous overview that integrated strengths from Copenhagen, Boston, and Stewart approaches.

Purpose:

  • To detail the assessment of complex metabolic causes of acid-base imbalance.
  • To elucidate the utility of the Stewart diagnostic approach in understanding these disorders.
  • To highlight the significance of chloride ions and albumin in metabolic acid-base balance.

Summary:

  • The Stewart approach provides a superior framework for understanding complex metabolic acid-base disorders, particularly by emphasizing the roles of chloride ions and albumin.
  • This method offers a different perspective on diagnosis and potential therapeutic strategies compared to traditional acid-base assessment methods.
  • A simplified diagnostic algorithm and an acid-base calculator are provided to aid practitioners.

Impact:

  • Empowers clinicians with advanced diagnostic tools for complex acid-base disturbances.
  • Facilitates consideration of novel therapeutic interventions based on a deeper physiological understanding.
  • Aims to improve patient outcomes by refining the management of metabolic acid-base disorders.