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Updated: May 16, 2026

Comprehensive Protocol to Sample and Process Bone Marrow for Measuring Measurable Residual Disease and Leukemic Stem Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Published on: March 5, 2018
Strategies of pain reduction during the bone marrow biopsy
Nikolaj Hjortholm1, Emil Jaddini, Kazimierz Hałaburda
1Department of Hematology, Oncology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. hjortholmnikolaj@gmail.com
Abstract:
Examination of the bone marrow biopsy and aspirate allows diagnosis and assessment of various conditions such as primary hematologic and metastatic neoplasms, as well as nonmalignant disorders. Despite being performed for many years, according to many different protocols, the procedure still remains painful for the majority of patients. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of pain reduction measures in the bone marrow biopsy and aspiration.
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