Simultaneous determination of six hydrophilic ethers at trace levels using coconut charcoal adsorbent and gas...

The main objective of the following study was to determine the efficiency of a method that uses coconut charcoal as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) adsorbent in order to simultaneously detect six hydrophilic ether species in water in the low microgram-per-liter range. The applied method was validated for quantification of ethyl tert-butyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (monoglyme), diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme), triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (triglyme) and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (tetraglyme). SPE followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the extracts using the selected ion monitoring mode allowed for establishing low detection limits in the range of 0.007-0.018 μg/L in ultrapure water and 0.004-0.020 μg/L in environmental samples. Examination of the method accuracy and precision resulted in a recovery greater than 86.8 % for each compound with a relative standard deviation of less than 6.6 %. A stability study established a 5-day holding time for the unpreserved water samples and extracts. Finally, 27 samples obtained from surface water bodies in Germany were analyzed for the six hydrophilic ethers. Each analyte was detected in at least eight samples at concentrations reaching 2.0 μg/L. The results of this study emphasize the advantage of the method to simultaneously determine six hydrophilic ether compounds. The outcome of the surface water analyses augments a concern about their frequent and significant presence in surface water bodies in Germany.