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Updated: May 16, 2026

Objective Nociceptive Assessment in Ventilated ICU Patients: A Feasibility Study Using Pupillometry and the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex
Published on: July 4, 2018
[Pain in multimorbid internistic patients]
1Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin, Universitätsspital Zürich. dominik.schneider@usz.ch
Abstract:
Pain and pain management in multimorbid patients is a subject which is mostly unknown. General rules in pain management like the WHO analgesic ladder and its recommendations are to be equally respected as with other patients. As multimorbidity is a common problem especially in the elderly population, some changes in physiology, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics have to be taken into consideration. A careful and slow adoption of dosage leads to more safety and tolerability. Other main problems of multimorbidity are drug-drug, drug-disease or disease-disease interactions, which influence the choice of analgesic medication. As especially the number of drug-drug interactions is endless, available software is a valuable aid to become aware of interactions and help weight the compromises.
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