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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in IBD

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the colon and rectum. The primary drugs used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis are aminosalicylates. They exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They modulate inflammatory mediators and inhibit the activity of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Aminosalicylates also reduce inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin and leukotriene production and decreasing neutrophil chemotaxis and superoxide generation. 
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Published on: December 26, 2015

Teriflunomide for multiple sclerosis.

Dian He1, Zhu Xu, Shuai Dong

  • 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|December 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Teriflunomide shows potential benefits for reducing relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is safe short-term, but more high-quality trials are needed. This oral disease-modifying therapy (DMT) offers a new option for MS patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Published on: December 26, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments aim to reduce inflammation and promote neuroprotection.
  • Current disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) often require parenteral administration, leading to adherence issues.
  • Teriflunomide, an oral DMD, inhibits pyrimidine synthesis and offers selective immunomodulatory properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the effectiveness and safety of teriflunomide for MS.
  • To compare teriflunomide (monotherapy or combination) against placebo or other DMDs.
  • To expand treatment options for MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of at least one-year duration.
  • Inclusion of trials evaluating teriflunomide versus placebo or approved DMDs.
  • Independent data extraction and quality assessment by two reviewers.

Main Results:

  • Two studies (1204 participants) evaluated teriflunomide (7mg/14mg) alone or with IFN-β versus placebo.
  • Teriflunomide showed potential benefits in reducing relapse rates in relapsing MS forms.
  • Short-term safety was confirmed, with common adverse events including nasopharyngitis and elevated liver enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • Low-level evidence supports teriflunomide's use in MS due to limited RCT quality.
  • Short-term teriflunomide therapy is safe for relapsing MS patients.
  • Further high-quality RCTs are needed to evaluate long-term safety, disability progression, and quality of life.