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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Updated: May 16, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Facial bradykinesia.

Matteo Bologna1, Giovanni Fabbrini, Luca Marsili

  • 1Neuromed Institute IRCCS, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|December 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Facial bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism involves reduced facial movements. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) shows more severe blinking impairments than PD.

Keywords:
Motor ControlMotor PhysiologyNeurophysiologyParkinson's Disease

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Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
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Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

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Published on: November 21, 2013

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease
10:28

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

Published on: July 24, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Facial bradykinesia is a key motor symptom in Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonism.
  • Clinical observations indicate reduced spontaneous and emotional facial expressions in these conditions.
  • Atypical parkinsonism may present with additional dystonic features complicating facial bradykinesia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of facial bradykinesia in PD and atypical parkinsonism.
  • To differentiate the specific facial movement abnormalities in PD versus other parkinsonian syndromes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical observations and experimental studies on facial movements.
  • Analysis of neurophysiological data related to spontaneous, emotional, and voluntary facial actions.
  • Comparison of facial bradykinesia features across PD, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and other atypical parkinsonian disorders.

Main Results:

  • PD exhibits reduced spontaneous blinking and emotional facial expressions.
  • Voluntary orofacial movements in PD are slower and smaller, with impaired blink switching.
  • PSP demonstrates severely impaired blink switching and slower voluntary blinking compared to PD.

Conclusions:

  • Facial bradykinesia in PD encompasses abnormalities in spontaneous, emotional, and voluntary facial movements, primarily linked to basal ganglia dysfunction.
  • In PSP, facial bradykinesia involves abnormal spontaneous and voluntary movements, stemming from widespread neurodegeneration.
  • Data on facial bradykinesia in other atypical parkinsonisms like MSA and CBD are limited.