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Updated: May 16, 2026
05:30
Laparoscopic Radical Gastrectomy for Remnant Gastric Cancer
Published on: October 31, 2025
Breast cancer management: past, present and evolving
1Department of Radiotherapy, J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Indian Journal of Cancer
|December 15, 2012
Summary
Breast cancer treatment has evolved from radical mastectomy to breast conservation, incorporating advanced radiation and systemic therapies. Future strategies focus on personalized medicine using genetic and molecular insights for improved outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Medical History
Background:
- Breast cancer understanding has evolved significantly since ancient times.
- Historically, Halsted radical mastectomy was the standard treatment for all stages of breast cancer.
Observation:
- Tumor biology research revealed less radical surgeries could be as effective.
- Adjuvant therapies like radiation and systemic treatments enabled breast conservation.
Findings:
- Radiation therapy has advanced from 2D to 3D conformal and accelerated partial breast irradiation.
- Systemic therapies including hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and biological agents are integral to treatment.
Implications:
- Current breast cancer management integrates genetic and molecular insights.
- Future challenges include predicting therapeutic outcomes and developing novel biologic therapeutics based on this knowledge.
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