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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

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Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

Hypersensitivity and vaccines: an update.

Annick Barbaud1, Antoine Deschildre, Julie Waton

  • 1Service de dermatologie, CHU Nancy, hôpitaux de Brabois, 6 rue du Morvan, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France. a.barbaud@chu-nancy.fr

European Journal of Dermatology : EJD
|December 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccine reactions include true allergies, pseudo-allergic reactions, and atopic symptom exacerbations. This review updates management for egg allergy, tetanus, hepatitis, flu, and BCG vaccines, plus new vaccines like HPV.

Keywords:
BCGaluminum allergyanti-flu vaccinationanti-influenza A H1N1 vaccinationegg allergyhepatitis B vaccination-induced urticariavaccinesvasculitisyellow fever vaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Allergic reactions to vaccines are diverse, including true allergies, pseudo-allergic reactions, and atopic symptom exacerbations.
  • Pseudo-allergic reactions, potentially linked to hyperimmunization, are more common than true allergies.
  • Atopic reactions can be mistaken for the 'flash' phenomenon, a threshold reduction in reactivity post-vaccination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and update current knowledge on vaccine-related allergic reactions and side effects.
  • To provide guidance on managing specific vaccine reactions, including those to egg-based vaccines, tetanus, hepatitis, influenza, and BCG.
  • To discuss adverse events associated with newer vaccines such as H1N1 and human papillomavirus (HPV).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of vaccine adverse events and allergic reactions.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and management strategies for various vaccine-induced reactions.
  • Inclusion of updated guidelines and information on novel vaccine side effects.

Main Results:

  • Frequent BCGitis has led to modified Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination guidelines, reserving it for high-risk individuals.
  • Specific reactions discussed include urticaria after hepatitis vaccination, aluminum granuloma, and vasculitis post-influenza and BCG vaccination.
  • The review covers assessment following tetanus vaccination reactions and vaccination strategies for egg-allergic individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate classification of vaccine reactions is crucial for appropriate management.
  • Updated guidelines and awareness of potential side effects are necessary, especially with new vaccine introductions.
  • This review offers a comprehensive overview of vaccine hypersensitivity and adverse events, aiding clinical practice.