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Related Concept Videos

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion01:26

Bacterial Translocation and Protein Secretion

Bacterial protein secretion involves translocation systems to ensure proteins reach their designated locations, including the plasma membrane, periplasm, outer membrane, or the external environment. These translocation systems are vital for bacterial physiology, supporting processes like membrane assembly, enzymatic activity in the periplasm, and interactions with the external environment. The division of labor between Sec and Tat pathways ensures efficiency in handling proteins with diverse...
Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER01:26

Insertion of Single-pass Transmembrane Proteins in the RER

Integral membrane proteins are proteins adhered to the lipid bilayer of a cell organelle or membrane. They can be of two types: transmembrane integral proteins that span the lipid bilayer and monotopic proteins that are attached to either side of the membrane but do not pass through it.
Integral transmembrane proteins possess transmembrane and extra membrane domains. The transmembrane domains are primarily made of 20-25 hydrophobic amino acids arranged in a helical secondary confirmation. These...
Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...

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Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Culture Filtrate to Understand TB Pathogenesis
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Published on: March 28, 2025

Getting across the cell envelope: mycobacterial protein secretion.

Aniek D van der Woude1, Joen Luirink, Wilbert Bitter

  • 1Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|December 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence relies on protein secretion. This review details the general Sec, Tat, and specialized Type VII (ESX) secretion systems, crucial for transporting proteins across the unique mycobacterial cell envelope and impacting virulence.

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06:14

Separation and Fractionation of Cell Wall and Cell Membrane Proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis for Downstream Protein Analysis

Published on: September 26, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mycobacterial virulence is intrinsically linked to protein secretion.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses a complex cell envelope with two lipid bilayers, necessitating specialized protein transport mechanisms.
  • The general Sec and Tat pathways are essential for inner membrane protein translocation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of protein secretion systems in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms and substrates of various protein translocation pathways.
  • To discuss the role of these systems in mycobacterial physiology and virulence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on mycobacterial protein secretion.
  • Analysis of the known components and functions of Sec, Tat, and Type VII (ESX) secretion systems.
  • Discussion of substrate identification and pathway characterization.

Main Results:

  • The general Sec and Tat pathways are essential for inner membrane transport.
  • An accessory Sec pathway contributes to virulence.
  • The transport of Sec/Tat substrates across the outer membrane remains largely uncharacterized.
  • Type VII (ESX) secretion systems are specialized for transport across both membranes.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple protein secretion pathways, including Sec, Tat, and ESX systems, are vital for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Understanding these systems is critical for deciphering mycobacterial physiology and developing anti-virulence strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate outer membrane transport mechanisms.