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Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Infection01:20

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Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

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Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes02:40

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The “tree of life” describes the evolution of life and the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The root of the tree is the common ancestor to all life on Earth. All other species radiate from this point, much like the branches of a tree. The numerous tips of these branches on the tree of life represent every living, or extant, species. Extinct species, which are species that no longer exist, can be found towards the center of the tree. Currently, these organisms, both extant and...

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A Visual Guide for Studying Behavioral Defenses to Pathogen Attacks in Leaf-Cutting Ants
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Published on: October 12, 2018

Men, primates, and germs: an ongoing affair.

Jean Paul Gonzalez1, Frank Prugnolle, Eric Leroy

  • 1International Center for Medical Research of Franceville, Franceville, Gabon, jean-paul.gonzalez@ird.fr.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|December 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathogens like Ebola virus and simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) can jump between species, causing outbreaks in primates and humans. Research highlights cross-species pathogen transmission risks, including malaria parasites from gorillas to humans.

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Area of Science:

  • Primate Virology
  • Zoonotic Disease Transmission
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Humans and nonhuman primates share a phylogenetic relationship, facilitating pathogen exchange.
  • Cross-species pathogen transmission (zoonosis) poses significant public health risks.
  • Understanding these transmission dynamics is crucial for preventing epidemics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the specific strategies of three pathogen groups in crossing the primate species barrier.
  • To highlight the evolutionary history and interspecific exchanges of simian viruses.
  • To identify potential sources of human pathogens within primate populations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epizootic events and pathogen emergence in African primates.
  • Analysis of genetic relatedness between simian and human pathogens.
  • Identification of primate hosts and potential animal reservoirs.

Main Results:

  • Ebola virus epizootics in gorillas and chimpanzees, linked to Chiroptera, precede human epidemics.
  • Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from chimpanzees and gorillas led to HIV-1 and HIV-2 emergence.
  • Gorilla Plasmodium parasites are closely related to human Plasmodium falciparum, indicating a potential zoonotic origin.

Conclusions:

  • Pathogen spillover from nonhuman primates to humans is a recurring event with significant consequences.
  • Ancient and recent cross-species transmissions have shaped viral evolution and disease emergence.
  • Nonhuman primate Plasmodium species represent an underestimated risk for human malaria.