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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
Setting Time of Cement01:12

Setting Time of Cement

The setting time of cement refers to the process of cement paste transitioning from a plastic state to a solid state. This process is crucial in construction as it dictates the timeframe for concrete placement, compaction, and finishing. The onset of this solidification is termed the initial set, indicating when the paste becomes unworkable. The final set is when the paste has solidified completely, and further handling or manipulation can no longer affect its shape. The cement strength is...
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
Types of Cement I01:21

Types of Cement I

Portland cement comes in several types, each with distinct properties and applications based on their chemical composition and hydration characteristics:
Type I (Ordinary Portland Cement) is widely used for general construction where special properties are not required. It has moderate sulfate resistance and heat of hydration.
Type II (Modified Cement) offers moderate resistance to sulfate attack and a lower rate of heat development compared to Type I. It is suitable for structures in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Ceramic Omnidirectional Bioprinting in Cell-Laden Suspensions for the Generation of Bone Analogs
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Published on: August 8, 2022

Dual setting α-tricalcium phosphate cements.

T Christel1, M Kuhlmann, E Vorndran

  • 1Department for Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.

Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine
|December 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed tougher calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) by adding polymerizable monomers, improving fracture resistance for load-bearing bone defect applications.

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In situ Compressive Loading and Correlative Noninvasive Imaging of the Bone-periodontal Ligament-tooth Fibrous Joint

Published on: March 7, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Materials Engineering
  • Orthopedic Surgery

Background:

  • Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) are used in bone defect repair.
  • Current CPCs exhibit brittleness, limiting their use in load-bearing applications like vertebroplasty.
  • Improved fracture toughness is crucial for load-bearing bone defect treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the fracture toughness of alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) based CPCs.
  • To create a mechanically stable polymer-ceramic composite with interpenetrating networks.
  • To assess the suitability of modified CPCs for load-bearing bone defects.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of α-TCP cement liquid with 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) (30-70%).
  • Incorporation of ammonium persulfate/tetramethylethylenediamine as an initiator for polymerization.
  • Evaluation of setting time, 4-point bending strength, bending modulus, and work of fracture.
  • Analysis of phase transformation using X-ray diffraction and polymer conversion using FT-IR spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • HEMA addition decreased setting time to 3-8 minutes.
  • 4-point bending strength increased to over 14 MPa with 50% HEMA, while modulus decreased to ~4 GPa.
  • Addition of ≥50% HEMA significantly increased work of fracture, reducing brittle behavior.
  • Polymer-modified cements showed a lower α-TCP to hydroxyapatite transformation rate (55% with 70% HEMA vs. 82% for unmodified).

Conclusions:

  • Feasible production of fracture-resistant, dual-setting calcium phosphate cements achieved by incorporating polymerizable monomers.
  • The developed polymer-ceramic composite exhibits improved mechanical properties, particularly fracture toughness.
  • These modified CPCs show potential for applications in load-bearing bone defects.