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Related Concept Videos

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures02:46

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.
Introduction to Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes02:24

Introduction to Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes

The double bond in a simple, unconjugated alkene is a region of high electron density that can act as a weak base or a nucleophile. The filled π orbital (HOMO) of the double bond can interact with the empty LUMO of an electrophile. A bonding interaction occurs when the electrophile attacks between the two carbons; the electrophile then accepts a pair of electrons from the π bond and undergoes addition across the double bond, yielding a single product.
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Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

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Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Quintuple bond reactivity toward group 16 and 17 elements: addition vs insertion.

Emmanuel Sobgwi Tamne1, Awal Noor, Sadaf Qayyum

  • 1Lehrstuhl Anorganische Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.

Inorganic Chemistry
|December 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

A novel chromium complex with a quintuple bond reacts with group 16 and 17 elements. This reactivity leads to new dimeric chromium complexes with diverse ligands, showcasing unique bonding and oxidation states.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry

Background:

  • Low-valent, coordinatively unsaturated bimetallic chromium complexes are rare.
  • Understanding the reactivity of multiple metal-metal bonds is crucial for novel material synthesis.
  • The aminopyridinato ligand system provides a unique platform for stabilizing unusual metal complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reactivity of a quintuply bonded bimetallic chromium complex (1) with group 16 and 17 elements.
  • To synthesize and characterize novel chromium complexes resulting from these reactions.
  • To explore the structural and bonding features of the newly formed complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of complex 1 with O(2), S(2), Se(2), Te(2), Cl(2), Br(2), and I(2).
  • Reaction of complex 1 with 1,2-diphenyldisulfane and 1,2-diphenyldiselenane.
  • Characterization of all synthesized compounds using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
  • X-ray diffraction analysis for eight of the complexes.

Main Results:

  • Reaction with O(2) yielded a dimeric Cr oxo complex (2) with high formal oxidation states.
  • Reactions with S(2), Se(2), and Te(2) formed dimeric Cr(II) complexes with E(2)(2-) ligands (3-5).
  • Insertion into X(2) (X = Cl, Br, I) resulted in complexes (6-8) with cleaved quintuple bonds.
  • Complex 1 inserted into S-S and Se-Se bonds of disulfane and diselenane compounds, forming complexes (9-10).
  • Characterization confirmed diverse ligand incorporation and structural motifs.
  • X-ray analysis revealed Cr-Cr bond distances ranging from 1.8369(18) to 1.918(12) Å.

Conclusions:

  • The quintuply bonded bimetallic chromium complex 1 exhibits versatile reactivity towards group 16 and 17 elements.
  • New dimeric chromium complexes with varying oxidation states and ligand environments were successfully synthesized.
  • The study highlights the potential of multiple metal-metal bonds in complex formation and element incorporation.