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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care

Managing cardiomyopathy involves addressing underlying or precipitating causes, treating heart failure with medications, and implementing dietary changes and a balanced exercise and rest regimen.Lifestyle ModificationsCardiomyopathy patients should adopt a low-sodium diet to reduce fluid retention and manage heart failure. A personalized exercise and rest plan helps maintain physical fitness without overstraining the heart. Avoiding alcohol and tobacco is essential to prevent further damage to...
Pericarditis III: Medical Management01:17

Pericarditis III: Medical Management

The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...
Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

Pericarditis I: Introduction

Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

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An Intact Pericardium Ischemic Rodent Model
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Hydropericardium syndrome: current state and future developments.

Manu Asthana1, Rajesh Chandra, Rajesh Kumar

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, G. B.P.U.A. & T., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India. manubt07@gmail.com

Archives of Virology
|December 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydropericardium syndrome, caused by fowl adenovirus 4, leads to high mortality in broiler chickens. Diagnosis involves serological tests and PCR, with vaccines showing control effectiveness.

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Area of Science:

  • Avian Pathology
  • Virology
  • Poultry Health

Background:

  • Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is a severe infectious disease in poultry, primarily affecting broiler chickens.
  • Caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAV-4), HPS emerged in the 1990s, causing significant economic losses in the poultry industry.
  • The disease typically manifests in 3-5 week old broilers, presenting with sudden high mortality rates, sometimes reaching up to 80%.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) in poultry.
  • To detail the causative agent, Fowl Adenovirus 4 (FAV-4), including its characteristics and pathology.
  • To review diagnostic methods, control strategies, and emerging vaccine development approaches for HPS.

Main Methods:

  • Gross and microscopic examination of affected broiler livers for characteristic lesions like necrotic foci and intranuclear inclusion bodies.
  • Application of various serological diagnostic tests including agar gel immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, indirect haemagglutination, fluorescent antibody techniques, and ELISA.
  • Utilizing Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as a rapid diagnostic tool for Fowl Adenovirus detection.

Main Results:

  • Fowl Adenovirus 4 (FAV-4), a non-enveloped, icosahedral virus with a dsDNA genome, is identified as the causative agent of HPS.
  • Histopathological findings in affected livers include necrotic foci and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in hepatocytes.
  • Diagnostic confirmation is achieved through a combination of pathological findings and serological assays, with PCR offering rapid detection.

Conclusions:

  • Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) poses a significant threat to the poultry industry, necessitating effective diagnostic and control measures.
  • Vaccination strategies, including formalin-inactivated, attenuated, or live vaccines, have proven effective in controlling experimental infections.
  • Advancements in computational immunology may facilitate the development of novel epitope-based vaccines for HPS.