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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Structural Joints: Synovial Joints01:16

Structural Joints: Synovial Joints

Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Published on: February 10, 2015

Acromioclavicular joint separations.

Ryan J Warth1, Frank Martetschläger, Trevor R Gaskill

  • 1Steadman Philippon Research Institute, 181 W. Meadow Drive, Vail, CO, 81657, USA.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|December 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations are common shoulder injuries. High-grade AC joint injuries often require surgery for optimal pain relief and shoulder function, considering individual patient factors.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • Acromioclavicular (AC) joint separations are frequent shoulder girdle injuries, particularly in young, active individuals.
  • Injury severity correlates with the magnitude of direct force applied to the lateral shoulder.
  • Low-grade AC separations often respond to non-surgical treatments, while high-grade injuries typically necessitate surgical intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relevant anatomy and biomechanical principles of AC joint injuries.
  • To discuss the clinical management strategies for AC joint separations.
  • To provide an overview of surgical techniques for high-grade AC joint injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of anatomical, biomechanical, and clinical studies on AC joint injuries.
  • Analysis of current treatment paradigms for AC joint separations.
  • Synthesis of information on surgical interventions for symptomatic, high-grade AC joint injuries.

Main Results:

  • Understanding the anatomy and biomechanics is crucial for diagnosing and managing AC joint injuries.
  • Treatment decisions should be individualized based on injury grade, duration, and patient activity level.
  • Various surgical techniques exist for managing high-grade AC joint injuries to restore function.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of AC joint separations requires a comprehensive approach.
  • Individualized treatment plans, including surgical options for high-grade injuries, are key to maximizing patient outcomes.
  • Further research may refine surgical techniques and non-operative management protocols.