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Related Concept Videos

Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
Cancer stem cells are thought to originate from tissue-specific normal stem cells or progenitor cells. The normal stem cells usually reside in...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Establishing Dual Resistance to EGFR-TKI and MET-TKI in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro with a 2-step Dose-escalation Procedure
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Establishing Dual Resistance to EGFR-TKI and MET-TKI in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells In Vitro with a 2-step Dose-escalation Procedure

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Tumor resistance.

George Klein1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden.

Oncoimmunology
|December 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolution has endowed species with non-immunological defenses to eliminate pre-cancerous and tumor cells, preserving tissue integrity. These unique microenvironmental control systems differ from known cancer susceptibility genes.

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Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
08:46

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Published on: December 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cancer research
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Species possess potent, largely non-immunological resistance mechanisms.
  • These mechanisms prevent the growth of pre-neoplastic and disseminating tumor cells.
  • Such systems are crucial for maintaining microenvironmental tissue integrity, polarity, and cell interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary basis of innate anti-cancer defenses.
  • To investigate the role of microenvironmental control in cancer prevention.
  • To differentiate these control systems from known cancer susceptibility genes.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of evolutionary and cellular mechanisms.
  • Review of existing literature on tissue integrity and cancer resistance.
  • Postulation of sui generis gene systems for microenvironmental control.

Main Results:

  • Evolution has equipped organisms with powerful, non-immunological mechanisms to eliminate early-stage cancer cells.
  • These defense systems operate without compromising essential tissue structure and cell communication.
  • The genetic underpinnings of these microenvironmental controls are proposed as distinct systems.

Conclusions:

  • Innate, non-immunological resistance mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved for cancer prevention.
  • Microenvironmental integrity is maintained by specialized cellular defense systems.
  • These systems represent novel genetic entities separate from classical cancer susceptibility genes.