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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Flow Cytometry-Based Isolation and Therapeutic Evaluation of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer

Published on: January 17, 2025

Intratumoral TNFα improves immunotherapy.

Anna Johansson¹, Juliana Hamzah, Ruth Ganss

¹Western Australian Institute for Medical Research; University of Western Australia Centre for Medical Research; Laboratory for Cancer Medicine; Perth, WA Australia.

|December 18, 2012

Summary

Low-dose tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) improves immunotherapy for solid tumors. Targeting TNFα to tumors enhances blood vessel function and activates immune cells, promoting tumor regression.

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Experimental Melanoma Immunotherapy Model Using Tumor Vaccination with a Hematopoietic Cytokine

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Published on: February 24, 2023

Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Vascular Biology

Background:

Solid tumors often resist immunotherapy.
Tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in treatment response.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the dual effects of low-dose tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in the tumor microenvironment.
To determine if TNFα can enhance immunotherapy efficacy and promote tumor regression.

Main Methods:

Directly targeting low-dose TNFα to the tumor environment.
Assessing changes in vessel functionality.
Evaluating immune cell activation.

Main Results:

Low-dose TNFα improved blood vessel functionality within the tumor.
TNFα treatment led to activation of immune cells.
Vascular remodeling in an inflammatory context enhanced immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

Directly targeting TNFα to tumors offers a dual therapeutic approach.
This strategy enhances active immunotherapy, leading to tumor regression.